Communication of, and access to Information, whether such Information is Encoded as bits in aComputer Memory or Transcribed in Genes and protein Structures in a biological cell.[1] An Alternate, more succinct Definition of Computer Science is the study of automating algorithmic Processes that scale. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of Computation and the Design of Computational Systems. History The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity, aiding in computations such as multiplication and divisionFurther algorithms for performing computations have existed since antiquity, even before sophisticated computing equipment were createdThe ancient Sanskrit treatise Shulba Sutras or "Rules of the Chord" is a book of algorithms written in 800 BCE for constructing geometric objects like altars using a peg and chord an early precurso of the modern field of computational geometry. Blaise Pascal designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator Pascals calculator in ''1642'' In ''1673 ''Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the Stepped Reckoner He may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist for among other reasons documenting the binary number system In 1820 Thomas de Colmar launched the mechanical calculator industry[note when he released his simplified arithmometer which was the first calculating machine strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment Charles Babbage started the design of the first automatic mechanical calculator his difference engine in ''1822'' which eventually gave him the idea of the first programmable mechanical calculator his Analytical Engine He started developing this machine in''1834'' and in less than two years he had sketched out many of the salient features of the modern computer A crucial step was the adoption of a punched card system derived from the Jacquard loom making it infinitely programmable''1843''during the translation of a French article on the analytical engine Ada Lovelace wrote in one of the many notes she included an algorithm to compute the Bernoulli numbers which is considered to be the first computer program Around ''1885'' Herman Hollerith invented the tabulator which used punched cards to process statistical information eventually his company became part of IBM. In ''1937'' one hundred years after Babbages impossible dream Howad Aiken convinced IBM which was making all kinds of punched card equipment and was also in the calculator business to develop his giant programmable calculator the ASCC/Harvard Mark I based on Babbages analytical engine which itself used cards and a central computing unit When the machine was finished some hailed it as Babbage's dream come trueDuring the 1940s as new and more powerful computing machines were developed, the term computer came to refer othe machines rather than their humapredecessors As it became clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations the field of computer science broadened to study computation in general Computer science began to be established as a distinct academic discipline in the ''1950''sand early ''1960''sThe worlds first computer science degree program the Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science began at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory in ''1953'' The first computer science degree program in the United States was formed at Purdue University in ''1962'' Since practical computers became available, many applications of computing have become distinct areas of study in their own rights Although many initially believed it was impossible that computers themselves could actually be a scientific field of study in the late fifties it gradually became accepted among the greater academic population It is the now well-known IBM brand that formed part of the computer science revolution during this time IBM short for International Business Machines released the IBand later the IBM ''709'' computers which were widely used during the exploroion period of such devices Still working with the IBM computer was frustratingif you had misplaced as much as one letter in one instruction the program would crash and you would have to start the whole process over again During the late 1950s the computer science discipline was very much in its developmental stages and such issues were commonplace Time has seen significant improvements in the usability and effectiveness of computing technology Modern society has seen a significant shift in the users of computer technology from usage only by experts and professionals to a near ubiquitous user base Initially computers were quite costly and some degree of human aid was needed for efficient use in part from professional computer operators As computer adoption became more widespread and affordable less human assistance was needed for common usag* Philosophy A number of computer scientists have argued for the distinction of three separate paradigms in computer science. Peter Wegner argued that those paradigms are science, technology, and mathematics Peter Denning's working group argued that they are theory, abstraction (modeling and design Amnon H. Eden described them as the "rationalist paradigm which treats computer science as a branch of mathematic which is prevalent in theoretical computer science, and mainly employs deductive reasoning the "technocratic paradigm" which might be found in engineering approache most prominently in software engineering and the "scientific paradigm which approaches computer related artifacts from the empirical perspective of natural sciences identifiable in some branches of artificial intelligence.
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